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Old age work and income security in middle income countries: comparing the cases

Autor: Henry, Carla, Golman, Matías
Año: 2021
Resumen: This paper considers the rapid demographic ageing trend experienced in many middle-income countries and examines how the dimensions of these demographic shifts can be combined with other dimensions related to employment, retirement and social protection in order to classify countries according to their level of preparedness to secure adequate income for their rapidly ageing population. This paper differs from other such studies as it deliberately incorporates employment measures and distributional aspects alongside economic and social protection measures in calculating a preparedness and vulnerability index. Patterns of work and income security up to and during old age were incorporated into the index using data from 35 middle-income and upper-middle-income countries, all of which will face ageing populations over the next 10 to 30 years. The index presented in this paper differs from other indices as it incorporates current employment dimensions relevant to the delivery of old-age income security in the future. Drawing from a wide array of country-specific indicators, this study seeks to identify configurations of descriptive variables that can approximate underlying relative differences between countries in terms of economic and social preparedness, distributional vulnerability and gender inequality. The results of the factor analysis suggest that, for social preparedness, the standard of living and strength of social protection in a country are two important underlying factors. For distributional vulnerability, the relative prevalence of low-quality employment and of poverty combined with inequality are the two dominant underlying factors which can be used to distinguish between countries. Finally, for gender inequality, the employment gender gap is the main factor, comprising gender differences in labour force participation and in youth preparedness for employment, both of which significantly influence life-long earnings and retirement income.

Fuente: Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)
Clasificación: Mercado Laboral
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
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Investing in Jobs and Social Protection for Poverty Eradication and a Sustainable Recovery

Autor: Gabinete de la Secretaría General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (EOSG)
Año: 2021
Resumen: The COVID-19 pandemic is the most serious global public health and socioeconomic crisis the world has faced in the past century, exacerbating pre-existing and systemic inequalities and threatening the long-term livelihoods and well-being of hundreds of millions, if not billions, of people. Recovery trends between advanced and developing economies are deeply uneven, spurred by vast differences in access to vaccines, the fiscal capacity and ability of governments to respond, supply chain failures, a growing digital divide, the impacts of the growing complexity of conflict and displacement, and the threat of a looming debt crisis. This two-track recovery is now creating a great divergence, which, if not corrected, will undermine trust and solidarity and fuel conflict and forced migration, and make the world more vulnerable to future crises, including climate change.

Fuente: Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU)
Clasificación: Ahorro Previsional
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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Social Protection in the Cultural and Creative Sector - Country Practices and Innovations

Autor: Galian, Carlos; Licata, Margherita; Stern-Plaza, Maya
Año: 2021
Resumen: This working paper is based on the ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work, 2019, which calls on the ILO to direct its efforts to “developing and enhancing social protection systems, which are adequate, sustainable and adapted to developments in the world of work.” In particular, the paper reviews policy and legal frameworks in selected countries that have pursued specific solutions to extend social security in the creative and culture sector, in order to identify entry points and mechanisms for expanding coverage. Policy options ensuring the adequacy and the sustainability of such systems are discussed, taking into account particular employment circumstances in the sector, such as fluctuating employment status, irregular incomes, intermittent nature of work, and geographic mobility. The paper also situates the discussion within the COVID-19 pandemic, offering an overview of social protection measures put in place by governments in the culture and creative sector.

Fuente: Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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Extending social protection to migrant workers, refugees and their families

Autor: Aoul, Samia Kazi; Van Panhuys, Clara
Año: 2021
Resumen: For the 169 million migrant workers who are contributing to economies and societies, access to social protection is a major challenge. In light of the current migratory landscape, its changing labour market needs and realities and the COVID-19 crisis, the importance of social protection for migrant workers, refugees and their families cannot be overstated. […] Human rights instruments and ILO Conventions and Recommendations provide a solid legal framework and useful guidance for extending social protection. Involving the social partners in the design and implementation of social security reforms is indispensable to ensuring balanced outcomes and the sustainability of social protection measures. It is also important to consult migrant workers, refugees and their families in order to design policies and agreements that meet their needs.

Fuente: Asociación Internacional de la Seguridad Social (AISS)
Clasificación: Seguridad Social y Sistemas de Pensiones
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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China's move to measuring relative poverty: implications for social protection

Autor: WALKER, Robert; YANG, Lichao
Año: 2021
Resumen: With rural extreme poverty officially eradicated in 2020, China is to move to measuring relative poverty in urban and rural areas. Relative poverty describes circumstances in which people cannot afford actively to participate in society and benefit from the activities and experiences that most people take for granted. It is conventionally defined as 40, 50 or 60 percent of national median disposable income. While a single poverty threshold symbolises national unity, separate poverty thresholds could be created for urban and rural areas or provinces. A unified national poverty standard for China based on 40 per cent of national median disposable income threshold implies income levels almost 4 times higher than the existing rural poverty line and 61 per cent higher than average social assistance (Dibao) payments in urban areas (often used as a surrogate urban poverty line). Relative poverty is more persistent than absolute poverty and less affected by economic growth. Research is required to determine the needs of peri-poor persons (i.e., those brought into poverty due to the new definition). Strategies needed to tackle relative poverty include: a comprehensive social protection system inclusive of floors; active policies to assist people out of poverty; poverty mainstreaming; and supportive, redistributive fiscal policies.

Fuente: Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)
Clasificación: Ahorro Previsional
Tipo de Publicación: Documentos de Trabajo
Idioma:

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